The Results are in! O2 levels in weigh bags etc

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Rivermont Jeff

Well-known member
Joined
Mar 14, 2006
Messages
486
Location
Harrison TN
We went to Guntersville Lake at Goosepond they had three tx's going on today. There were 56 boats that participated across three tx's. There were Approximately 150 fish weighed in. We were not able to test livewells but we tested 20 weigh in bags that had water taken from the livewells of the boats the fish had come from. We also set up an O2 system in the 500 gallon concrete tank there at Goosepond. We supplied O2 into this tank at a rate of .5 Mg/L at 35 psi through a Sweetwater Ceramic diffuser 12"x 2.5". We set up three holding tanks with regular air (20% O2 80% Nitrogen) supplied through 1"x1"x2" diffusers for the guys waiting to weigh. All O2 levels were tested with a Milwaukee Instruments Model MW 600.
http://www.milwaukeeinstruments.com/MW600.html
First Let me discuss the 500 gallon recovery tank. We filled it with lake water at 88 degrees after filling we tested the Dissolved Oxygen level before any O2 was added It was at 8.1 Mg/L We then began to inject compressed O2 at the rate stated above for 15 minutes. The O2 levels increased to 12Mg/L Now keep in mind I tested a 3 gallon tank in the garage after increasing O2 levels to 12 Mg/L it held real close to that for 24 hours. Now we introduced fish to this tank and collected about 30-40 fish for 15 minutes and to my surprise the levels dropped to 9.4 Mg/L after only 15 minutes. The only reason for this decrease is the fish in the tank absorbed the O2. I was amazed at the rate at which fish use Oxygen! We then increased the O2 input to increase levels to 11 Mg/L. There were about 10 fish that were in bad shape overall. after 12-20 minutes in this tank all the fish seemed to rebound to healthy condition. I do believe there could have been 10-15 more fish die if not for this system and recovery time. I veiwed this recovery tank as a complete success and would recommend it to every tournament held in the summer. It should be Mandatory! To all the tournament directors you should look in to this, at a cost of less than $250 you should consider it. There were a total of 7 dead fish out of the 150 weighed in today.

Now for the Weigh in bags:
We tested 20 bags 15 bags were straight from the boat to the scales 5 bags were sitting in the waiting tanks being supplied with regular air. Keep in mind anything below 5Mg/l fish begin to stress under 3Mg/L fish suffocate.
The 15 bags tested straight from the live wells are as follows:
water temp/DO levels
90/3.4
90/3.7
90/3.8
90/4.0
92/4.1
91/4.6
85/5.0
90/5.9
79/6.2
85/6.3
71/6.0 This one was a little too cold!
86/5.0
90/6.1
84/5.8
90/4.7
Over all thats an average of 4.97Mg/L Which is better than I expected but still unacceptable. The higher levels were using the Oxygenator and/or a proair system on board. That is the reason for the increased levels as far as i could see.

The 5 bags that had been sitting in the waiting tanks with air being supplied are as follows:
water temp/ DO levels
90/6.4
84/6.9
90/7.1
85/7.3
90/6.3
These measurements are really meaningless as they were exposed to good levels of O2 for about 3 mins or so. It is the 7-9 hours in the livewells that really matter.
The cooler the water the more the O2 the water can hold example.
90 deg water has a 100% sat level of 6.0
80 deg water has a 100% sat level of 7.0
and so on. (these numbers are an estimate not actual) So that is the maximum amount of O2 you can get in the water with every available effort most of the time you will never reach 100% you may get to 80%. But with injecting O2 through a ceramic diffuser you can super saturate these levels up to 13Mg/L or higher if you wanted.
Bottom line is every boat and every angler even though (myself included) we add ice salt additives etc. we can not achieve the suitable levels of O2 without injecting it! after looking at all the data I feel that every fish brought in today was right on the borderline of being Oxygen deprived. Sure ice and the Oxygenator helps but it just doesnt do enough. Thats why when you have one fish die suddenly for no apparent reason it may have been a little more susceptible to low O2 levels and expired. But how close was every other fish in that live well? Fish don't smile or frown so testing the levels is the only way to know for sure what conditions are like in live wells. I believe this is why delayed mortality is such an issue because they are all right there on the edge and some never fully recover. If an O2 recovery tank was on hand it would give every fish a boost of O2 and it would give every fish a better chance of survival! I will be testing live wells next time out and will post the results. If I have said anything untrue here please correct me Tony M, I think you have more knowledge than most on here including me!
Comment and replies appreciated! Knowledge is power!
Thanks JTODD
 
I was at goose pond today, and they were all talking about your research. Good job! I will have one for my boat, and agree every tx should have one.
 
You provided good data with this post that will help us all with fish survival rates. The one question I have is whether you tested the temperature and O2 levels of the lake water the fish were released in after the tournament was over. Would fish survival rates would be affected if fish were released in a slough/shallow water with surface temps exceeding 90 deg versus transporting and releasing fish near the river channel and deeper water.
Thanks again for the report
 
the fish were released at the dock at goosepond water was about 10' deep with a channel near by of 15-20' prob 50 yards away. Lake water was 90 degrees and had an O2 level of 8.1 Mg/L after we filled the tanks so filling them may had increased levels. I'm not sure what the actual surface levels were or even at 5-10' deep but i'm sure the levels are sufficient in the lake at the release point but I see your point of releasing in a shallow slough.
I am curious of the delayed mortality rate among these fish, like I said there were 7 deceased fish out of 150 weighed in. I just can not see a rate of higher than 10% and that would be pushing it imo. We are checking each day to see if any float over the next few days. None were found today. Thanks for the comments! We will be testing more over the next few weeks so if anyone has any questions or suggestions let me know and we will test anything suggested. thanks again.
 
I love the work you are doing to add to our knowledge base!!

I do have a word of warning in interpreting your results. Many of the things we hold as truths and on which we base other findings are actually false or misleading, so although the raw data is good, the way we apply it can skew the results.

A powerful example is this:
We document that every time the trees wave back and forth, the wind blows. If we know nothing else of the cause/effect relationship involved, we could easily infer that the trees waving back and forth cause the wind to blow. It makes sense in its very limited scope, yet is completely reversed from the truth.

The first thing that jumped out at me was the inference that recently dead bass float and therefore can be used as a delayed mortality indicator. Actually, most fish sink upon dying and are never counted, unless holding pens are used to keep the fish in a controlled area for several days. This is one reason why the death rate numbers we think we see seem so different than the studies that have been made.

Based on the studies I have read, it is my understanding that cool weather tournament DELAYED mortality (after release) runs 10-20%, while hot weather can run as high as 40-50%. With the data you are gathering, what you can determine is a general relationship between ending water temp, dissolved oxygen levels, and immediate fish death rate - not delayed mortality (all things important to know).

I hope you and others will keep at this until significant data is collected. It certainly would help us all learn how to handle the fish for the lowest total mortality rate possible using cooling and oxygen or aeration. Collecting the data in a spreadsheet (Excel?) will enable others of us to use the data if you choose to share your data with others.

Thank you for all you are doing!
 
I have thought about doing a delayed mortality rate (DMR) study but I find it hard to find any description on the said holding pen. I also do not understand how you can keep 30-40 or even 150-200 fish caged up for the required days ( who knows how long that would be?) in a lake type environment and consider it to be healthy for the fish? Case and point how often do bass eat or are required to eat to maintain a healthy life? And if you put them in a 10,000 gallon tank such as is at BPS then that would not be equivalent to a real lake situation? Because that would be a controlled environment and may have a higher O2 content than the lake would. I agree some dead fish will sink but after a couple of days rigamortis will set in creating gases and the dead fish will float to the surface. If the 40-50% DMR is even close to accurate then in a 80 boat tx if 250 fish were weighed in then that means 100-125 fish could die, and at that rate you would expect to see at minimum 50% of those fish should float after two days right? I have never seen anywhere close to those numbers at any event on any lake? I would guess 20 would be on the high side. Truth is there is no way of measuring DMR unless you placed them in a controlled environment and whos to say the conditions them selves are not the cause of the mortalities? I think the only way would be to scuba dive the area ( Which I am considering) to see if there are any and how many fish are on the bottom. There just arent that many hungry turtles out there to devour that many fish in such a short period of time. They can't eat 100 fish in two days.
My focus right now is the dissolved Oxygen levels in livewells and weigh in bags and the functionality of a recovery tank. I will address DMR at a later time but I will get to it.
If a fisherman is not willing or can not afford the O2 injection system then the next best thing seems to be ICE and running their pumps constantly ( we all knew this already) but these studies just confirmed it. Although not all low temp bags had higher O2 levels but this could had be because of the weight of the fish because we now know that the fish absorb O2 at an alarming rate. ( bigger fish breathe more O2) and 5 fish breathe more than 3 fish. I meant to mention that as well in the first post, some were 5 fish limits and the other tx's were 3 fish tx's. there are so many factors to consider when doing a study it's hard to calculate them all. Like i said if anyone has any suggestions on what to test i'm open for comments. Thanks JTODD
 
To my surprise from what I have researched and talked with biologists it is a good idea to keep levels below 15 Mg/L above that will burn the gills of the fish. But i'm not sure if volume plays a factor in that or the amount of fish. So for now until new data surfaces I am keeping the levels at 12Mg/L anywhere I inject O2.
 
Churly

It is possible to have too much dissolved oxygen in lakes and rivers which lead to fatalities. The O2 systems installed in live data help keep the oxygen levels at higher levels but nowhere near supersaturated levels.
Supersaturated gases in our waterways occur anyways. The corp of engineers have spent millions $ researching supersaturation conditions along the Columbia river in Oregon and Washington below the hydroelectric power plants. And have measured dissolved gases exceeding 100% in tail races on the Columbia river.
Sorry if I allowed this thread to go off on a tangent.
This post has been a good reminder for me to take extra steps to help with survival rates whether fishing in tournaments or fishing for fun especially during the warmer months.
 
[ QUOTE]churly - 7/14/2014 9:19 PM

The only question I can ask at this point is; can we over do it and put too much O2 in the water?[/QUOTE]

The regulator that the Texas Wildlife guy Randy Myers developed is a preset regulator that puts our a flow of .1 Mg/L at 35 psi. To supply two of the point four brand diffusers 12"x 1 1/8" so at that rate it is designed to supply the right amount of O2 to two separate livewells.
 
Very interesting information. Thank you for helping protect our resources. An interesting question I have is how does the saturations in the weigh bags compare to those in the actual livewell? Im guessing with a decent sack of fish they consume the oxygen really quickly in a bag.
 
Fished a tourney with an Oxygenator and one single fish. When I weighed it in, it looked blood red, the whole fish. Biologist friend told me not to have the Oxygenator on all day with a single fish. Too much saturation...
I really would like to see a O2 test in the lake, I may have missed it reading these posts. Great job, very interesting...
 
I have not tested a livewell with fish in it but plan to this weekend. They do consume O2 at an incredible rate! So it's very important to put an air hose with stone in your bag while waiting in line (if available) The air alone will increase O2 levels to compensate for the fish breathing the O2,
 
The O2 level in a huge body of water may differ from a small enviroment such as livewells and weigh in bags. For example the lake may have a DO level of 5.2 Mg/L and be just fine and a suitable level. but in turn when place in a 15 gallon livewell that same 5.2 level will not last long as the fish will consume the O2 at a very high rate. Where as in the lake the fish will never have an impact on the O2 levels as there is just too much water. I'll be doing more testing this weekend at Guntersville.and post the results.
here are My plans of things to test:
1. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels of three different areas of the lake ( in sloughs/ main channel/ creek channel)
2. Livewells with 15+lbs of fish
3. Weigh in bags (before and after air stones)
4. Release Tank with and without fish
 
Fuzzy - 7/18/2014 1:16 PM

Fished a tourney with an Oxygenator and one single fish. When I weighed it in, it looked blood red, the whole fish. Biologist friend told me not to have the Oxygenator on all day with a single fish. Too much saturation...
I really would like to see a O2 test in the lake, I may have missed it reading these posts. Great job, very interesting...

You could potentially supersaturate the water ( meaning bring the O2 levels above the Natural 100% levels) But I am 99% sure the Oxygenator does not have the capablity to raise the level more than 100% To achieve a super saturation level O2 must be injected with O2 gas or liquid. Randy Myers (Texas wildlife Biologist) said they have carried fish around with a SS level of 12-15 Mg/L and never had a problem with the fish. The Oxygenator is capable to bringing the level of 80 degree water that has a 100% saturation level of say 7.4 Mg/L from 5.2 to 6.2 Mg/L But never up to the harmful level of 16 Mg/L
 
Jeff, Good work, now you know more about the reality of aerated livewell water in the summer and the need for supplemental compressed oxygen. Your DO meter speaks the truth and the truth about livewell water quality can be ugly when you test the DO Saturations, especially in aerated bass boat livewells in the summer.

The short answer is maintain the DO Saturation at 100% or greater during total time of transport (1 fish , 10 fish or 100 fish), “too much oxygen” is not an issue for 7-8 hour transport in bass boat livewells or weigh-in bags, too much air causes nitrogen supersaturation (i.e. air venture entraining air on livewell water pump) can cause problems ( pop-eye, tissue emphysema, air embolism, bends, etc.).

Looking forward to seeing your DO Saturation test of the bass boat livewells when they arrive at the weigh-in containing limits of fish… if the officials will allow you to test the boat livewell water containing fish. That may be a problem, but I hope not.

Beware of the oxygen and air gas bubbles… read on.

TOXIC OXYGEN BUBBLES

Toxic Oxygen Bubbles – Thousands of Micro-Fine Oxygen Bubbles that remain suspended in water columns in livewells and bait tanks can poison live bait and tournament fish in livewells and bait tanks. These tiny micro-bubbles are so small and light that they cannot escape the water surface and remain suspended in the water column,

A LESSON IN OXYGEN BUBBLE SIZE IN SPORTSMEN’S LIVEWELLS AND BAIT TANKS

1. Water and gas chemistry – micro-fine oxygen bubbles so tiny they remain suspended in the water column that make livewell water look milky transfer oxygen into solution fast and efficiently, quickly saturating/supersaturating water in seconds in a typical 20-30 gallon livewell or bait tank. Diffusers that make larger bubbles may take an extra minute or two to achieve the same DO saturation/supersaturation, but the final result is the same DO Saturation.

2. Fish Physiology and Fish Pathology – another matter that is seldom mentioned is that micro-fine oxygen bubbles negatively affect fish health – oxygen poisoning caused by continuous exposure to micro fine oxygen bubbles that coalesce to fish gills, cornea’s, scales, skin and fins can cause serious chemical burns and tissue damage resulting in blindness, death or disabling scar tissue if the fish survives the initial insult. Oxygen toxicity is usually caused by the fisherman’s ignorance of the device that makes the oxygen bubbles in his livewell water.
Micro-pore oxygen diffusers and livewell water pumps that entrain oxygen or air on the inlet side of a water pump’s impellers gas venturi device can produce thousands of suspended micro-fine gas bubbles in the livewell water column as the oxygen goes through the pump’s impellers. The size of an oxygen or air bubble can dramatically affect livewell water chemistry, gas transfer rates and dissolved gas concentrations.

We queried university professors and experts. Our concern is the pathophysiology (oxygen toxicity) occurring when micro-fine oxygen bubbles stick inside fish gills, get into blood, stick in eyes, on scales, fins and skin.

We asked University Professors, Fish Physiologist, the real fish doctors:

When captive fish are forced to breathe in clouds of suspended micro-fine oxygen bubbles (so fine the water looks milky) in livewells with relatively small functional water volumes, can these tiny gas bubbles injure fish or bait?

Is the stress response increased? Is the probability of delayed mortality increased?

Are we actually causing physiologic harm to tournament fish or live bait when holding and transporting them in clouds of bubbles for hours or even all day?

When we transport tournament bass, redfish, snook or live bait for hours or all day, what happens to gill tissue when thousands of tiny oxygen bubbles remain stuck in gills, on scales and fins all day?

We thank these university professors for offering their time, providing their knowledge, expertise and opinions freely so that catch and release tournament anglers, as well as fishermen worldwide, can become better educated and hopefully take better care of live tournament fish and live bait in livewells and bait tanks during live transports.

We appreciate these expert opinions in fish cardiovascular physiology, fish biochemistry, fish pathology, fish physiology, and the principles and practices of modern aquaculture techniques.

EXPERT OPINION
Toxic Oxygen Bubbles – Thousands of Micro-Fine Oxygen Bubbles in Livewells can poison live bait and tournament fish.

Micro-pore oxygen diffusers and some bait pumps that entrain oxygen or air on the inlet side of a water pump’s impellers can produce thousands of suspended micro-fine gas bubbles in a livewell water column. The size of an oxygen or air bubble can dramatically affect livewell water chemistry, gas transfer rates and dissolved gas concentrations.
We queried university professors and experts. Our concern is the pathophysiology (oxygen toxicity) occurring when micro-fine pure oxygen bubbles physically stick inside fish gills, get into blood, stick in eyes, on scales, fins and skin.

We asked the real FISH DOCTORS, the FISH PHYSIOLOGIST, the UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS

When captive fish are forced to breathe in clouds of suspended micro-fine oxygen bubbles so fine the water looks milky, in livewells with relatively small functional water volumes, can these tiny gas bubbles injure fish or bait?

Is the stress response increased?

Is the probability of delayed mortality increased? And, are we actually causing physiologic harm to tournament fish or live bait when holding and transporting them in clouds of bubbles for hours or even all day?

When we transport tournament bass, redfish, snook or live bait for hours or all day, what happens to gill tissue when thousands of tiny oxygen bubbles remain stuck in gills, on scales and fins all day?
We thank these university professors for offering their time, knowledge, expertise and opinions freely so that catch and release tournament anglers, as well as fishermen worldwide, can take better care of live tournament fish and live bait in livewells and bait tanks during transport. We appreciate their expert opinions in fish cardiovascular physiology, fish biochemistry, fish pathology, fish physiology, and the principles and practices of modern aquaculture techniques.
________________________________________________________________________

Professor Joseph J. Cech, Ph.D.
University of California – Davis Campus
Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology
1393 Academic Surge
Davis, CA 95616-8751
(530) 752-3103
[email protected]
Specialty: Physiological adaptations and adjustments of fish to their environments

“Micro-fine gas bubbles sticking to gills could obstruct respiratory gas exchange, by blocking ventilatory water flow between the minute lamellae on the gill filament surfaces.
If the livewell transport water becomes clouded, appearing milky with miniscule bubbles that adhere on gills and scales or to the inside walls of your livewell, consider these conditions potentially toxic and generally unhealthy for the exposed fish.

If the gas/gill exposure is persistent and the partial pressure of the oxygen remains near 1 atmosphere (instead of 0.2 atmospheres, as in air), the exposed fish’s chances of survival will probably decrease.
Compressed oxygen is a good thing when supplied continuously within safe dissolved oxygen concentrations, but exposure to compressed oxygen or delivered at high partial pressures can physically harm your fish. With extremely high oxygen partial pressure in the water, the fish may stop breathing, allowing carbon dioxide to build up in the fish. This may lead to acid-base changes (respiratory acidosis) in the fish and increase delayed mortality after release.

It is important to remember that pure compressed oxygen contains five times the oxygen content as air does. Thus, proportionately less (about 1/5 less) gas flows (bubbling rates) are needed from a pure oxygen supply, compared with an air supply, to adequately oxygenate water for fish.

Very small (micro-size) oxygen bubbles should dissolve faster than larger bubbles because of their greater surface to volume ratio, but all gas bubbles (air or oxygen) need some ‘solubility space’. Without sufficient ‘space’ available for the bubbles to dissolve, tiny micro-fine bubbles may remain suspended within the water column, attach to surfaces, or slowly, rise to the surface. Of course, fish do not breathe (gaseous) oxygen or air bubbles, the oxygen must first be dissolved in water for it to diffuse across their lamellar membranes.

And also, saltwater has a higher density than freshwater does. The higher water density compresses gas bubbles to a smaller size. This characteristic, along with saltwater’s lower gas solubility demands that saltwater livewells should be monitored for signs of oxygen/air bubble-related problems at least as well as freshwater ones.”

________________________________________________________________________
Professor Bruce Sidell, Ph.D.
University of Maine
School of Marine Sciences
306 Murry Hall
Orono, Maine 04469
Specialty: Cardiovascular physiology and biochemistry of fish

“If you observe clouds of suspended micro-fine oxygen or even air bubbles in fish transport water, you may be using too much of a good thing. Micro-pore diffusers can generate masses of tiny oxygen bubbles.
This condition may excessively supersaturate the water with oxygen if the mass of gas bubbles cloud the water and remain suspended; and, extreme hyperbaric oxygen can be toxic because of free-radical generation.

Clouds of micro-fine air bubbles may also cause problems with nitrogen toxicities, the bends and air emboli. Tiny gas bubbles may affect water quality positively or negatively, either way, avoid transport conditions where clouds of gas bubbles remain in suspension.

There exists a rather rich and extensive literature on oxygen toxicity and gas bubble trauma. Plus, the adherence of the small bubbles to gill surfaces could exacerbate this problem further.

My guess is that the potential oxygen toxicity from adherence of the pure O2 bubbles to the surfaces of delicate epithelia is potentially more of a problem than the possibility of “drying out” the surfaces as you speculate. Both must be considered.

These bubbles, after all, are in equilibrium with the water in which the fish swim, a far better source of water than the semi-permeable surfaces of the fish itself.
Arterial gas embolism and tissue emphysema can be a real and present danger when transporting live fish, avoid clouds of suspended gas bubbles in hauling water at all cost.
In my experience of transporting large numbers of capture-stressed fish (although in my case they were striped bass or salmonids that were captured by nets, not tournament hooked fish that were fought and landed), two key ingredients promote well-being of these animals.

1. Elevating the partial pressure of O2 above saturation with compressed oxygen and deliver bubbles large enough to escape the surface. A very gentle bubbling with pure O2 is sufficient for preventing coalescence. Problems may arise if gas bubbles stick to gill tissue and remember, with pure oxygen, you need only 1/5 the volume compared to the volume of air needed. Air is composed mostly of nitrogen, micro-fine N2 bubbles can stick to gills too, causing another related set of problems with additional stressors. Any gas bubbles attaching to gills can impair respiration degrading fish health; when transporting fish in foamy water with thousands of suspended bubbles, consider the probability of hypoxia, hypercarbia, respiratory acidosis, disease and possibly death.

2. Elevate the salinity of the water to 3-5 ppt. Something like Instant Ocean or seawater is great, but even just NaCl without iodine would do. Salt will still be very helpful when transporting freshwater fish. Remember that these animals regulate their internal ionic and osmotic composition at much higher levels than freshwater (generally 300-340 mOsm). When under stress, they lose ions and this becomes even more stressful. On top of that, the energetic demand of ion pumping can represent a significant energy expenditure requiring even more oxygen. I am confident that the elevated salinity will help.
Saltwater is denser that freshwater, therefore, micro gas bubbles will be compressed even smaller maximizing coalescence. In other words, this problem is multiplied in saltwater. Stress is multiplied too.”
________________________________________________________________________
Professor Kevin M. Fitzsimmons, Ph.D.
University of Arizona
Environmental Research Lab
Tucson, AZ 85712
Phone (520) 626-3324
[email protected]
Specialty: Aquaculture Research Scientist

“Micro-fine gas bubbles that remain suspended in the water column increase the dissolved gas concentration in water more efficiently than larger bubbles in livewell water. Space must be available in the livewell for bubbles to dissolve. Most fish can’t breathe gaseous bubbles made with air or oxygen.

Gas bubble size directly affects water chemistry and when highly concentrated, can negatively affect fish health. Micro-fine gas bubbles may be unhealthy for captive fish being transported in boat livewells and ice chest having relatively small water capacities. Larger gas bubbles may be safer and healthier for captive fish than excessive micro-fine bubble environments.
Water Chemistry and micro-fine gas bubbles.

Micro-fine gas bubbles that remain suspended in the water column dissolve quicker and force more gas into solution than larger gas bubbles, a plus for water chemistry when the goal is high dissolved gas concentrations.

Fish Health and micro-fine gas bubbles

Transporting live fish in livewell environments containing clouds of micro-fine gas bubbles with excessive gas supersaturation can be dangerous when transporting live fish, increasing chances of delayed release mortality.

Fish transported in milky looking livewell water containing clouds of suspended tiny micro-fine bubbles can increase stress, cause physical injury, increase susceptibility to infection and disease and may ultimately increase post release delayed mortality.

Micro-fine gas bubbles can stick to gill filaments, scales, fins, skin, and eyes, cause gas bubble trauma and gas embolus. Gill damage and gas embolisms negatively affect fish health and survival, compromise respiratory gas exchange and lead to hypoxia, carbon dioxide retention and respiratory acidosis.

Micro-fine bubbles consisting of pure oxygen can attach to gill filaments, drying, irritating, oxidizing and actually causing chemical burns to delicate epithelial tissue. Pure oxygen gas is a potent oxidizer.
Micro-fine air bubbles consisting primarily of nitrogen can cause gas bubble disease and tissue emphysema in captive fish being transported, a medical condition similar to the bends affecting SCUBA divers.”
________________________________________________________________________
Professor Claude E. Boyd, Ph.D.
Auburn University
Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquaculture
Auburn, AL 36849
(334) 844-4078
[email protected]
Specialty: Water Quality and Aeration Systems

“Transporting live fish in livewell environments containing clouds of micro-fine gas bubbles is not healthy for most fish. Continuous exposure to tiny gas bubbles that attach to gill filaments is not normal and unhealthy. Additional transport stress must be avoided as much as possible.

Micro-fine gas bubbles that coalesce and stick to fish’s gills are not healthy and may physically disrupt normal respiratory gas exchange. A few fish specie do breathe gas, but respiration for most fish specie, available gaseous oxygen must be in solution or dissolved in water, commonly known as dissolved oxygen (DO).

When clouds of gas bubbles are visualized in livewell water and the bubbles are suspended within the water column, oxygen bubbles generated with pure compressed oxygen or liquid oxygen can burn gill epithelial cells located within gill filaments. Pure oxygen increases speeds at which oxidative reactions occur. Exposure time and oxygen partial pressures govern oxidative reactions.

Oxidative damage induced by pure gas exposure can harm fish. Upon releasing fish after the transport, provided the fish survives the initial toxic insult with oxygen; gill scar tissue may develop rendering highly stressed fish even more susceptible to pathogens resulting in additional delayed mortality rates occurring within days or even weeks after release.

Clouds of tiny air bubbles trapped and suspended within the water column may create additional fish health problems during transport. Also, the potential for gas bubble disease and arterial air emboli must be considered. Fish transported in shallow livewells cannot dive deeper increasing water pressures that will dissolve fine bubbles trapped within the circulatory system like wild fish released in lakes and swimming to deeper depths.

Excessive aeration with air can harm captive fish being transported in closed livewell systems having limited water volumes. Air entrained on the inlet side of livewell water pump indicates a defective pump and a common cause for high dissolved nitrogen supersaturation. This sort of pump defect may develop dangerously high dissolved nitrogen concentrations when air is sucked into the pump inlet and then pressurized by the pumps’ impellers.

Prolonged exposures to excessive nitrogen supersaturations can cause the bends, create additional stress and gas emboli. The bends, when caused by a defective water pump, is a mechanical problem that is preventable. Understanding what problems to look for and where to look is essential. If you detect an air leak on the inlet side of your livewell pump, repair the air leak.”
________________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY
You now should be able to better judge and evaluate various livewell oxygenation technologies from a fish health point of view. The health of tournament catch and release fish is dependent upon your understanding of the oxygen technology you choose to use in your livewell. Choosing the wrong livewell oxygen equipment can increase stress during transport and ultimately cause disease and increase delayed mortality. Choosing the right livewell oxygen technology can greatly improve summer livewell water quality improving survival up to 93% in the harshest summer tournament conditions.
 

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