oops, seem that TVA made a mistake, the initial report of 1.2 million cubic yd's. of waste material released at the Kingston Steam Plant is actually 5.4 million cubic yards. They are now also stating that there are high levels of lead and thallium near the spill. It sounds like TVA is in CYA....
What is thallium?
Pure thallium is a bluish-white metal that is found in trace amounts in the earth's crust. In the past, thallium was obtained as a by-product from smelting other metals; however, it has not been produced in the United States since 1984. Currently, all the thallium is obtained from imports and from thallium reserves.
In its pure form, thallium is odorless and tasteless. It can also be found combined with other substances such as bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine. When it's combined, it appears colorless-to-white or yellow.
What happens to thallium when it enters the environment?
Thallium enters the environment primarily from coal-burning and smelting, in which it is a trace contaminant of the raw materials.
It stays in the air, water, and soil for a long time and is not broken down.
Some thallium compounds are removed from the atmosphere in rain and snow.
It's absorbed by plants and enters the food chain.
It builds up in fish and shellfish.
How might I be exposed to thallium?
Eating food contaminated with thallium may be a major source of exposure for most people.
Breathing workplace air in industries that use thallium.
Smoking cigarettes.
Living near hazardous waste sites containing thallium (may result in higher than normal exposures).
Touching or, for children, eating soil contaminated with thallium.
Breathing low levels in air and water.
How can thallium affect my health?
Exposure to high levels of thallium can result in harmful health effects. A study on workers exposed on the job over several years reported nervous system effects, such as numbness of fingers and toes, from breathing thallium.
Studies in people who ingested large amounts of thallium over a short time have reported vomiting, diarrhea, temporary hair loss, and effects on the nervous system, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys. It has caused death. It is not known what the effects are from ingesting low levels of thallium over a long time.
Birth defects were not reported in the children of mothers exposed to low levels from eating vegetables and fruits contaminated with thallium. Studies in rats, however, exposed to high levels of thallium, showed adverse developmental effects.
It is not known if breathing or ingesting thallium affects human reproduction. Studies showed that rats that ingested thallium for several weeks had some adverse reproductive effects. Animal data suggest that the male reproductive system may be susceptible to damage by low levels of thallium.